The Journal of Sports Science & Health Advances has an international reputation for publishing articles of a high standard. It publishes research on various aspects of the sports and exercise sciences, including anatomy, biochemistry, biomechanics, performance analysis, physiology, psychology, sports medicine, and health, as well as coaching and talent identification, kinanthropometry, and other interdisciplinary perspectives.
Association of Metabolic Syndrome with Pain Severity and Physical Functioning in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis
Background: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a prevalent and debilitating musculoskeletal condition increasingly recognized as a metabolically influenced disorder. Metabolic syndrome (MetS)-encompassing obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and insulin resistance-has been implicated in the onset, progression, and symptomatic burden of KOA through both mechanical and systemic inflammatory mechanisms. Objective: This narrative review aimed to examine the association between metabolic syndrome and pain severity and physical functioning in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Methods: Studies published between 2001 and 2024 were reviewed, encompassing cross-sectional, longitudinal cohort and observational, case control studies. Key outcomes included pain severity, physical functioning, muscle strength, physical activity levels, and quality of life. Results: MetS was significantly more prevalent among KOA patients compared than in non-OA populations. A dose–response relationship was observed between MetS component accumulation and worse pain, functional decline, and disease progression. Elevated inflammatory markers, including IL-6, correlated with greater radiographic severity and disability. Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome significantly amplifies pain severity and functional impairment in KOA beyond mechanical loading alone. Integrated metabolic screening and multidisciplinary management are essential for optimizing patient outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 SAKSHI SHARMA, Bhawna Verma, Pradeep Kamboj, Megha, Nikita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Gymnastics based interventions on Motor Fitness Competencies: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Purpose: The present meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of gymnastics-based interventions on motor fitness competencies across different age groups, including children, adolescents, and young adults. Methods: A systematic search was conducted to identify randomized controlled trials examining the impact of gymnastics-based training modalities, including fundamental movement skills, coordination training, balance/proprioceptive training, and physical conditioning. A total of 38 studies were included in the analysis. Effect sizes were calculated using standardized mean differences (SMD) under a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using I² statistics, and subgroup analyses were performed based on motor fitness components, age groups, and intervention types. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plot asymmetry tests, Egger’s test, Trim and Fill method, and Fail-Safe N. Results: The overall pooled effect size indicated a moderate positive effect (SMD = 0.626; 95% CI: 0.086 to 1.165) with high heterogeneity (I² = 95.76%). Subgroup analysis revealed that balance (SMD = 1.534), coordination (SMD = 0.900), and flexibility (SMD = 0.818) showed relatively higher improvements, while muscular strength demonstrated a smaller but significant effect (SMD = 0.351). In contrast, agility (SMD = −1.124) and reaction time (SMD = −4.114) showed inconsistent or negative effects, likely due to differences in measurement direction. Among age groups, children showed the highest effect (SMD = 1.189), whereas young adults showed a more stable moderate effect (SMD = 0.513). Gymnastics-based training demonstrated consistent outcomes with low heterogeneity (I² = 11.34%). Publication bias assessment showed non-significant asymmetry in Egger’s test (p = .657), while the Trim and Fill method adjusted the effect size to SMD = 0.084 (p = .734). The Fail-Safe N (2160) indicated high robustness of the findings. Conclusions: Gymnastics-based interventions are effective in improving motor fitness competencies, particularly flexibility, balance, and coordination. However, the presence of high heterogeneity, methodological variability, and potential publication bias suggests that the results should be interpreted with caution. Future research should focus on standardized measurement approaches and high-quality trials to strengthen the evidence base.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vikram Nehra, Himanshu, Yogita, Satish Kumar, Priyanka, Ankit Sharma, Naveen Sangwan, Rohit Rathee, Atul Saharan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Athletic Performance Development in Ethiopia: Coaching Quality, Training Practices, Facilities, and Institutional Support as Predictors: A Cross-Sectional Mixed-Methods Study
Background: Athletic performance development depends on the effective interaction of facilities, training practices, coaching quality, institutional support, and environmental conditions. In Ethiopia, despite international success in athletics, many regions remain underdeveloped due to systemic challenges related to inadequate infrastructure, weak coaching capacity, poorly structured training programs, and insufficient institutional support. These constraints limit athlete development and hinder the emergence of competitive performance at regional and national levels. Study purpose: This study assessed the multifactorial determinants affecting athletic performance in selected districts of the Kellem Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia, with specific focus on athletics facilities, training practices, coaching quality, sports office support, and environmental conditions. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional mixed-methods design was employed. Quantitative data were collected from 66 athletes using a validated 46-item questionnaire covering four domains: Athletics Facilities, Athletes’ Training Practices, Coaching Quality, and Sports Office Support. The instrument demonstrated satisfactory to excellent internal consistency (overall α = 0.862). Qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with coaches and technical specialists, along with structured facility observations. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, one-way ANOVA, and multiple linear regression were conducted using SPSS version 26 at a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: Athletes reported very low levels of satisfaction across athletics facilities (M = 1.42), training practices (M = 1.72), coaching quality (M = 1.23), and sports office support (M = 1.36), indicating widespread structural and institutional deficiencies. Pearson correlation analysis revealed strong, positive, and statistically significant relationships between athletic performance and coaching quality (r = 0.812), training practices (r = 0.764), athletics facilities (r = 0.733), and sports office support (r = 0.709). Multiple regression analysis identified coaching quality (β = 0.681) as the strongest predictor of athletic performance, followed by training practices (β = 0.549), athletics facilities (β = 0.512), and sports office support (β = 0.438). Collectively, these factors explained 74.3% of the variance in athletic performance (R² = 0.743, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Athletic performance development in the Kellem Wollega Zone is constrained primarily by interconnected deficiencies in coaching capacity, training systems, infrastructure, and institutional support rather than by a lack of athlete potential. Enhancing coaching quality, strengthening training structures, investing in basic athletics facilities, improving institutional coordination, and effectively leveraging available environmental conditions are essential for sustainable athletic performance development. An integrated, evidence-based approach is critical to improving long-term performance outcomes in the region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Desalegn Nageso Katebu, Abdi Gudeta Taye, Tilahun Asrat Mandefro, Dirbeba Maddesa Derresa, Dessalegn Wase Mola https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From Silence to Awareness: Policy Remedies for Harassment of Women in Sports
Background: Harassment and abuse of women athletes, including physical, sexual, psychological, gender-based and cyber forms of violence, continue to be a major issue in sports. Despite legal protections and recent safe sport initiatives in India, institutional power imbalances, underreporting, and implementation gaps continue to affect athlete safety and welfare. Objective: The study aimed to examine the effectiveness of sports governance policies and safeguarding mechanisms to determine whether the existing legal frameworks are adequate in protecting women athletes from all forms of harassment in sports. It further explored sociocultural and institutional barriers associated with reporting and implementation while proposing an integrated safeguarding framework. Methodology: The study employed a scoping review design based on literature that was adopted using electronic databases including Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and SPORT Discus, along with grey literature sources. A total of 133 sources were screened according to predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria, resulting in 68 studies included in the final narrative synthesis. Results: The results show that although India has extensive legal and regulatory frameworks, their actual efficacy is nevertheless constrained by uneven enforcement, low knowledge, institutional power structures, and reporting anxiety. Transparent reporting methods, safeguarding education, independent monitoring, and organisational responsibility are all necessary, according to the research. Conclusion: Athletes’ safety cannot be guaranteed by legal safeguards alone. To develop safe and inclusive athletic conditions for women athletes in India, an integrated safeguarding approach that incorporates legal accountability, educational interventions, organisational transformation, psychological assistance, and cultural change is required.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aiswarya, Priyam Patel, Binthumathavan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis the Influence of Geographical, Socioeconomic, Digital Technology, and Cultural in the Development of Preschool Children's Motor Skills
Background: hildren's motor development can be influenced by factors including geographic location, socioeconomic status, access to technology, and local cultural conditions. Understanding these relationships is critical to designing effective interventions and strategies to optimize child development. Purpose: The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of geographic location, socio-economic status, use of technology on the basic motor skills of children aged 3-5 years. Material and Methods: A group of 94 children in South Kalimantan province aged between 3 and 5 years. Data collection was carried out in 8 different schools, and motor skills were assessed using the MOBAK-KG test to assess basic motor competence (BMC) in kindergarten and one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether the motor skills of preschool children differ based on their geographic location, socio-economic status, access to technology, and local cultural conditions. Results: This research shows that various external factors, such as geographic location, socioeconomic status, access to digital technology, and cultural background, influence the development of children's motor skills. Conclusion: Boys, especially in urban areas with higher socioeconomic status, access to digital technology, and modern cultural background, show better performance. Girls showed fewer differences, although some girls from rural areas with lower socioeconomic status and conventional cultural backgrounds excelled in certain skills such as “Jumping” and “Throwing”.
Original Scientific Article: Public Health & Physical Activity
Copyright (c) 2026 Sulfi Mayang, Aulia Putri Yuliasti, Ahmat Fauzi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Structured Aerobic Exercise on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Flexibility in Male University Students
Purpose: This study examined the effect of 12-week aerobic training program on selected health-related physical fitness variables, specifically cardiorespiratory endurance and flexibility, among male college students. Material and Methods: A total of 30 male students aged 20–25 years were randomly selected and assigned into two groups: an experimental group (EG, n = 15) and a control group (CG, n = 15). The experimental group participated in a structured aerobic training program three times per week for 12 weeks, with each session lasting 60 minutes at moderate intensity, including warm-up, main exercise, and cool-down phases. The control group continued their usual physical activities without intervention. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 20. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize pre- and post-test scores, while the Shapiro–Wilk test confirmed normal distribution of the data. A paired-samples t-test was employed to examine differences between pre- and post-test performances, with the level of significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: The findings revealed that aerobic training produced a statistically significant improvement in the experimental group’s cardiorespiratory endurance and flexibility. Cardiorespiratory endurance improved markedly from a pre-test mean of approximately 1993.53 meters to a post-test mean of 2800.00 meters, while flexibility also showed significant enhancement (p = .00). In contrast, the control group showed no statistically significant improvement in either cardiorespiratory endurance or flexibility. Conclusion: The research findings highlighted regular aerobic training has a substantial positive effect on improving health-related physical fitness among male college students. Therefore, aerobic exercise can be recommended as an effective strategy for enhancing students’ cardiovascular endurance and flexibility.
health-related physical fitness components
Copyright (c) 2026 Yonas Mebrat, Tekalign Mekuria G Mariam, Tamirat Wolde Yebo, Zegeye G Yesus Gibo, Nejat Muhammed Seid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reimagining school physical education through the lens of physical literacy: Bridging National Education Policy and National Sports Policy
India’s National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and the National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2023 signal a transformative moment for schools by emphasizing holistic development, wellness, and experiential learning. Yet physical education (PE) remains marginalized, unevenly implemented, and often limited to sport or drill. This paper argues that Physical Literacy (PL) defined as the integrated development of motivation, confidence, competence, knowledge, and understanding to engage in PA for life, offers a robust framework to reposition PE in India’s evolving education landscape. Drawing on global scholarship and emerging Indian research, we contend that PL provides a unifying language across education, health, and community initiatives while substantiating PE as an essential academic subject. The paper reviews the current literature on PE and PL in India and globally, and provides practical strategies for policymakers, educators, and researchers to chart a way forward. Ultimately, PL offers India a culturally adaptable pathway to equitable, lifelong engagement in PA.
Copyright (c) 2026 Awadhesh Kumar Shirotriya, Aaron Beighle https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Upskilling India’s Physical Education Teachers: Aligning National Education Policy 2020 with UNESCO–Loughborough Quality Physical Education Priorities
As Part of the National Policy on Education 2020 and Quality Physical Education as defined by UNESCO and Loughborough University in 2024, this paper addresses the urgent need for upskilling Physical Education (PE) teachers in India. This paper attempts to analyze the systemic barriers in teachers’ preparation, professional devel- opment, and educational/ institutional framework of educational systems that impede the fulfillment of educational goals. The paper discusses the evolving expectations of PE teachers of the Indian Education System, under the National Policy, the PE teach- ers are expected to create literate individuals in the domain of physical activities, and as inclusive and holistic wellness advocates. Having researched on PE teachers satis- faction and professional development systems, the SMART teacher, the paper offers an assimilative solution system of upskilling teachers that satisfy the global QPE andthe Indian educational policy. The paper concludes that PE teachers are great assets to the educational systems due to great potential of delivering meaningful learning experiences that are both transformative and holistic. The paper further discusses the necessity of adequate institutional investment in the educational systems professional development, training and support systems that will positively impact the teachers and educational systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rakesh Vishwakarma, Neha Arora, Kanhaiya Kumar Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gender and Competitive Level Differences in Goal Setting strategies among Kho Kho Players
Background: Goal setting is a crucial psychological strategy that enhances performance, concentration, and motivation; it involves defining clear and measurable goals for both individual and team achievements. Purpose: This study aims to investigate differences in goal setting strategies based on gender (Male & Female) and level of Participation (State, Inter-University, National Level & international level). Methodology: A G*Power software was used to determine sample size (N = 93). A total of 103 subjects (61.17% male and 38.83% female) were selected for the present study, exceeding the required sample size. The age of the participants ranged from 12 to 28 years (M = 17.59). The Goal-Setting Questionnaire developed by Meenakshi and Lalit Sharma (2014), was used to assess the players goal setting strategies, using a 7-point Likert scale to assess the goal-setting strategies of the players. Descriptive statistics and two-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis to examine differences in goal-setting strategies between male and female athletes across different levels of participation. The level of significance was set at p=.05. Result: The result of two-way ANOVA revealed that men and women did not differ significantly in the following Sub-Variables of goal setting: goal-setting action (p>0.05), types of goals (p>0.05), team goal setting (p>0.05), goal-setting interaction with the coach (p>0.05). Similarly, no significant differences were found across all of the variables of goal setting across the level of participation. . Conclusion: According to the findings of the study we concluded that most kho kho players demonstrate average goal setting behaviors, rarely set different types of goals, and have limited awareness of team goal setting. Additionally, coach rarely encourage players to set the types of Goals mentioned in the study.
Original Scientific Article: Psychological and Behavioral Aspects of Sports
Copyright (c) 2025 Radha Kumari, Ayush kumar, Shivam Thapa, Lalit sharma, Meenakshi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Psychological Well-being and Perceived Stress: A Cross-Sectional Comparison of Postgraduate Athletes, Science and Social Science Students
Background: Psychological well-being and stress are vital determinants of student mental health. University students frequently encounter various academic and extracurricular pressures, which can differently impact their stress levels and overall well-being. However, limited research has compared variations across athletes, science, and social science students. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 277 postgraduate students from three distinct groups, aiming to investigate various factors relevant to their academic experiences. This study evaluated psychological well-being using Ryff's 18-item Psychological Well-being Scale, which focuses on six key dimensions of psychological well-being. We evaluated stress levels using the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale, a well-established tool for measuring subjective stress. The researchers analyzed the data using one-way ANOVA and then conducted post-hoc tests to explore the differences between the groups. Results: The assumptions of normality and homogeneity were met (p > 0.05). The ANOVA findings revealed significant variations in perceived stress among the groups (F (2, 274) = 3.21, p = 0.042). Post hoc analyses indicated that students in science experienced notably greater levels of stress in comparison to those in Social Science (p = 0.04). Nonetheless, the distinctions between Athletes and the other categories were not noteworthy. Regarding psychological well-being scores, there were no substantial variations among the groups (F (2, 274) = 0.27, p = 0.75), although athletes had marginally higher average scores. Conclusion: The results suggest that students in science face greater stress levels than those in Social Science. However, their overall psychological well-being is similar across both groups. These results underscore the importance of implementing targeted stress management strategies for students in demanding academic disciplines, as well as universal approaches that foster coping skills and social support for all students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nongthonganba Meitei, Sanjeev Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Indigenous Game on Selected Physical Psychological Variables of University Students
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the impact of indigenous games on selected physical and psychological variables among university students. Background: Indigenous games have long been woven into the cultural fabric of Indian society, functioning as tools for physical fitness, cultural expression, and social interaction. Despite their relevance, their potential influence on contemporary student development in higher education remains underexplored. Material and Methods: Twenty-eight postgraduate students (aged 22–27 years) from the Central University of Punjab were recruited using purposive random sampling. Participants were divided into an experimental group (n = 14) and a control group (n = 14). The experimental group engaged in an 8-week structured indigenous games program featuring Pithu, Gilli Danda, Stapoo, Dog and the Bone, Kancha, and Buroinjin, while the control group received no intervention. Pre- and post-test data were collected using standardized assessment tools. Data analysis employed the Shapiro–Wilk test, Levene’s test, and ANCOVA at a 0.05 significance level. Results: The experimental group showed significant improvements in agility, balance, eye–hand coordination, and attention compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Effect sizes ranged from 0.79 to 0.91, indicating large and practically meaningful effects. Conclusion: Participation in indigenous games led to substantial gains in both physical and psychological parameters among university students. These findings highlight the effectiveness of indigenous games as culturally relevant, cost-efficient, and engaging alternatives to conventional training approaches in higher education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sanjeev Kumar, Tarun, Archit Singh, Mukesh Kumar Verma, Swati Choudhary https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Achievement Motivation and Attitude Towards Physical Education Among Undergraduate Students in Punjab: A Comparative Analysis Across Locale and Institution Type
Purpose: This study explored the interrelationship between achievement motivation and attitudes towards physical education among undergraduate students who were enrolled in government and private colleges located in rural and urban areas of Punjab. Material and Methods: By utilizing standardized psychological tools, this research included a sample of 560 undergraduate students selected through random sampling from colleges affiliated with Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab. Quantitative analyses were used to do the analysis i.e. including descriptive analysis, t-tests and Pearson correlation. Results: The results revealed that no significant difference in achievement motivation across demographic groups but found significant differences in attitudes towards physical education based on college type and location. A moderate positive correlation was found between achievement motivation and attitude towards physical education. Conclusion: The research findings highlighted the role of contextual and institutional factors in shaping students' attitude towards physical education and motivation for academic success which remained relatively uniform across the demographic variables. Implications for educational policy and curriculum integration are discussed in this research.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ranjit Kumar, Amarjit Kaur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Psychophysiological States and Bowling Accuracy in University-Level Fast Bowlers
Purpose: The purpose of the study was to ascertain whether or not the accuracy of the findings produced by university-level speed bowlers is correlated with their psychological and physiological states. This study aimed to investigate the impact of emotional states on both the operation of the autonomic nervous system and athletes' performance. Methods: As part of a repeated-measures design, 80 men from a university fast bowling team were divided into four emotional states. These moods were neutral, anxious, excited, and at ease. Polar H10 monitors were utilised to capture heart rate variability (HRV), or more precisely, root mean square deviation (RMSD), during baselines before the bowl. The number of balls that struck a predefined target during 10 deliveries for each situation was used to evaluate bowling accuracy. Validated audiovisual stimuli were used to evoke emotional states. Results: The HRV varied significantly across the conditions, peaking in the Calm condition (mean RMSSD = 58.2 ms) and falling in the Anxious condition (42.7 ms). The improvement in bowling accuracy that occurred when the person was calm, as opposed to stressed, was equally significant (p = 0.003). Bowling accuracy and HRV were shown to be positively correlated (r = 0.62, p < 0.001). Conclusions: A correlation was found between enhanced autonomic control, emotional tranquillity, and increased bowling accuracy, as indicated by the findings. Through the use of personalised psychophysiological profiling, athletes can maximise their performance potential by exercising control over their emotions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rezwan Hossain, Halima Khatun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between Gross Motor Skills and Fitness to Physical Activity of Indonesian Elementary Students
Background: Physical activity plays a critical role in supporting the physical development and overall health of elementary school-aged children. Among the factors believed to influence physical activity are gross motor skills and levels of physical fitness. Study Purpose: This study seeks to examine the relationship between gross motor skills and physical fitness and the physical activity levels of Indonesian elementary students. Material and Methods: A non-experimental quantitative design was employed, utilizing a correlational approach to investigate the associations among variables. The study involved a purposive sample of 20 students. Results: The analysis revealed no statistically significant relationships at the 0.05 significance level. These findings indicate that gross motor skills and physical fitness do not have a direct impact on students’ physical activity. It is possible that other factors exert a stronger influence, underscoring the importance of exploring alternative determinants of physical activity in children. Conclusion: A broader and more integrative strategy is required to effectively enhance physical activity among elementary school students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahreta Indayani Saputri, Ari Tri Fitrianto, Muhammad Habibie, Ahmad Maulana, Aulia Putri Yuliasti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Does the Way Children Travelled to School Affect the Body Fat Levels? A Study
Prevalence of obesity has increased significantly in the last two or three decades worldwide. The prevalence statistics shows that obesity pandemic is all-pervading even in the developing nations like India. In the present study an effort has been made to report the prevalence of obesity on the basis of body fat percent among school girls of Punjab, total 6000 students were selected with stratified random sampling technique, (2000 each from high, middle & low economic status) ranging in age from 10-17 years. Height and weight were measured in all participants and the body fat percent (BF %) of everyone was calculated. Body fat percent classes based on mode of conveyance (walking/bicycle & vehicle) (under fat, healthy fat, over fat & obese) were calculated according to the body fat percent cut offs lines by the manual of bio electrical impedance machine with scale HBF-361. The observations revealed that the overall mean value of walking/bicycle & vehicle was 18.55%, 26.04% respectively. The observations also revealed that the overall prevalence of under fat, healthy fat, over fat and obesity was 7.3%, 78.7%, 11.3% and 2.6% respectively. The total no. of 3222 subjects were taken as subjects which were coming to school by walking/bicycle and their body fat % category is under fat (13.5%), healthy fat (86.2%), over fat (.2%) & obesity (.0%) respectively. Whereas in the case of those girls which are coming to school by vehicle a total of 2778 school girls were taken and their body fat % category is under fat (.1%), healthy fat (70.1%), over fat (24.1%) & obesity (5.7%). Overweight was more prevalent among those girl students who came to school by using vehicle as a mode of conveyance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Akwinder Kaur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrating Yoga and Naturopathy in Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation is a form of care designed to help individuals regain, maintain, or enhance essential abilities needed for everyday life. These abilities may be physical, mental, or cognitive. They might have been compromised due to an illness, injury, or as a result of medical treatments. By focusing on restoring functionality and independence, rehabilitation plays a vital role in improving overall quality of life and daily performance. Yoga and naturopathy play significant roles in holistic rehabilitation by promoting natural healing and addressing the root causes of health issues. Their focus on the mind-body connection enhances both physical and psychological recovery.
Original Scientific Article: Physical Therapy & Sports Medicine
Copyright (c) 2025 Sweta Suri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Anthropometric Profile for Fast Bowlers in Cricket
The best performance of a fast bowler in cricket is dependent on a variety of factors. Some of these variables, like running speed, aerobic capacity, and jump heights, etc., are simple to measure. Anthropometry has been employed in numerous attempts to associate physical characteristics with racial and psychological features, for the purpose of identifying talent, to comprehend human physical variation, in anthropometry, and for various other purposes. The current study is being conducted to provide answers to these questions. Arm length, leg length, hand length, shoulder width, wrist diameter, elbow width, and palm length and width were the study's chosen variables. The fast bowlers' t-scale profile can be used to determine the optimal anthropometric of other athletes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pawan Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Study on Selected Fitness and Body Care Status of Punjab Policewomen Constables
Aim of study: The aim of this study was to assess the status of health and wellness sub- parameter fitness and body care among Punjab Police women constables. Material and Methods: A sample of thirty (N=30) women constables from Punjab Police has been selected randomly and further bifurcated into two classes i.e., N1: Junior Constables with experience up to 1 year and N2: the Constables with the job up to 10 years Senior Constables, for the in-depth analysis. These two groups were also chosen through random sampling. The tool used for data collection was a structured ‘Wellness Questionnaire’ which was constructed by Gordon Edlin and Eric Golanty in 2004. The mean, S.D. and ‘t-test’ were calculated to find out the significance of difference between the groups. Results: mean and S.D. of Junior and Senior Punjab Police Women Constables for their Fitness and body care Variable is 26.93 ± 0.59 and 24.40 ± 1.40 respectively. The calculating ‘t’-value (1.718), which is less than the tabulated ‘t’-value (2.048), at 0.05 level. The calculated ‘t’-value (6.43), which is more than the tabulated ‘t’-value (2.048) at 0.05 level. Conclusion: So, it indicates that there is a significant difference between Junior and Senior Punjab Police Women Constables for their Fitness and body care Variable.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bakhsis Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exercise Motivation of College Students in Relation to their Health-Related Physical Fitness
Based on Self termination Theory (SDT), this study aimed to examine the relationship betwe- en self-determination motivation for health-related fitness and perceived learning abilities am ong female college students in physical education. To assess even regulatory motivational styles, questionnaires were used to self-regulate training to measure four motivational styles: exogenous motivation, introduced motivation, identification, and essential motivation. Health-related fitness was assessed using the Aaphherd Test (1980). These tests werem conducted in 50 female sports students aged 17-25. Descriptive statistics and correlations were used to analyze the data. Results showed that exogenous motivational styles among students demonstrated a significant and negative relationship with flexibility (hips).
Copyright (c) 2025 Sachin Yadav https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Yoga in Injury Prevention for Athletes
Injury prevention is a critical aspect of athletic training, as injuries can significantly impact performance and career longevity. Yoga has gained recognition as a complementary practice for athletes due to its emphasis on flexibility, strength, balance, and mindfulness. This study explores the role of yoga in injury prevention among athletes by examining its physiological and biomechanical benefits. Regular yoga practice enhances flexibility, reducing the risk of muscle strains and joint injuries. It also strengthens stabilizing muscles, improving postural control and alignment, which are essential for injury prevention. Additionally, yoga promotes proprioception and body awareness, enabling athletes to recognize movement patterns that may lead to injury. The integration of breathing techniques (pranayama) and mindfulness further aids in stress reduction and recovery, lowering the risk of overuse injuries. This review highlights existing research supporting the effectiveness of yoga as an injury prevention strategy and suggests practical applications for incorporating yoga into athletic training programs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kuldeep Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comparative Study of Selected Physical Fitness Variables and Anthropometric Measurements among different Level Handball Players in Haryana
Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze a few physical fitness tests and anthropometric parameters of handball players in distinct categories in Haryana. A quota sample of 60 players, 20 from the school level, college level and state level, were measured for physical fitness characteristics, including speed, endurance, agility, strength and anthropometric characteristics, including height, weight, BMI, etc. The results highlighted by the study showed a difference in physical fitness and body composition based on performance level. Superior fitness and an optimal anthropometric profile were established on the part of higher-level players. The implications are that talent development and identification should be focused and based on the physiological profiling of the players.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ajay https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of HIIT, SIT, And RST Running-Based Anaerobic Interval Training on Anaerobic Power and Speed in Field Hockey Players
Purpose:This randomized controlled trial evaluated the comparative effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), sprint interval training (SIT), and repeated sprint training (RST) on anaerobic power and speed in male intercollegiate field hockey players. Materials and methods: Sixty players, aged 19–23 years, from colleges in Andhra Pradesh, India, were randomly assigned to four groups (HIIT, SIT, RST, and control; n=15 each). Over an 8-week intervention, the experimental groups trained three times weekly on an outdoor track, supplementing routine activities with 60-minute sessions, including warm-up and cool-down. HIIT involved sustained high-intensity running, SIT featured maximal sprints with extended recovery, and RST comprised repeated short sprints with minimal rest, mimicking field hockey’s intermittent demands. Anaerobic power was assessed using the Wingate Anaerobic Test (peak power in watts/kg), and speed was measured via a 20-meter sprint test (fastest time in seconds). Pre- and post-test data were analyzed using paired t-tests, ANCOVA, and Scheffé’s post hoc tests (p < 0.05). Results: All training groups showed significant improvements (p < 0.001), with SIT producing the largest anaerobic power gain (12.07%, 651 watts adjusted mean) and RST achieving the greatest speed improvement (13.14%, 3.25 seconds adjusted mean). SIT and RST were statistically equivalent for speed (p > 0.05), both outperforming HIIT (7.69% power, 7.53% speed) and the control group, which showed negligible changes (0.17% power, 0.27% speed, p > 0.05). ANCOVA confirmed significant between-group differences (power: F = 248.83; speed: F = 42.30). Conclusion: These findings highlight SIT’s superiority for enhancing anaerobic power, critical for explosive actions like drag flicks, and RST/SIT’s efficacy for speed, essential for positional play. HIIT supports general conditioning but is less effective for maximal performance. Coaches can use these insights to design evidence-based training programs, though future research should include female players and on-field metrics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bineesh Baby, Pragathi A, Kiran K S, ARUN P. J https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physical Fitness Differences between Athletes and Non-Athletes at the University Level: A Gender-Based Analysis
Background: Physical fitness is a critical determinant of athletic performance and general health. However, differences in flexibility, balance, and lower-body power between athletes and non-athletes, especially by gender and competitive level, require further investigation. Objective: This study aimed to compare key fitness components—flexibility, balance, and lower-body strength—between university-level athletes and non-athletes, with a focus on sex-based differences. Methods: Eighty students from Jashore University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh (N = 80), participated in the study. They were evenly divided into four groups: male athletes, male non-athletes, female athletes, and female non-athletes (n = 20 per group). Anthropometric data were recorded, and fitness tests included the Sit-and-Reach test (flexibility), One-Leg Stork Stand Test (balance), and Standing Broad Jump (leg power). Independent t-tests were used to compare athletes and non-athletes within each sex. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Male athletes had significantly greater flexibility t(38) = 5.55, p < .001, balance t(38) = 8.24, p < .001, and leg power t(38) = 8.07, p < .001 compared to male non-athletes. Female athletes also outperformed non-athletes in flexibility t(38) = 4.26, p < .001, balance t(38) = 10.26, p < .001, and leg power t(38) = 13.13, p < .001. Conclusion: University athletes, regardless of gender, demonstrated significantly better flexibility, balance, and lower-body power than their non-athlete peers. These findings emphasize the physical benefits of athletic training and support incorporating structured fitness programs into university wellness initiatives.
Copyright (c) 2025 Khadiza Akter, Humayon Ahmed, Mukta Khatun, Ummay Hafsa Rumky, Suvo Roy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Analysis of Sprint Ability in Athletes and Non-Athletes across 10 to 100 Meters
Background: Sprint performance is a key indicator of athletic capability, reflecting explosive speed, power, and neuromuscular coordination. Comparative studies between athletes and non-athletes across multiple sprint distances remain limited, especially when accounting for gender differences. Study Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate and compare sprint performance over 10 m, 30 m, 50 m, and 100 m distances between university-level athletes and non-athletes of both sexes. Material and Methods: Eighty students from Jashore University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh were equally divided into four groups: male and female athletes and non-athletes (n = 20 each). Sprint times over 10, 30, 50, and 100 meters were manually recorded. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and independent t-tests in IBM SPSS (version 25), with significance set at p< 0.05. Results: Athletes demonstrated significantly faster sprint times than non-athletes across all distances. Among males, athletes outperformed non-athletes at 10 m (t(38) = -8.31, p< .001), 30 m (t(38) = -9.38, p< .001), 50 m (t(38) = -7.30, p< .001), and 100 m (t(38) = -6.35, p< .001). Female athletes showed even greater differences at 10 m (t(38) = -17.57, p< .001), 30 m (t(38) = -11.54, p< .001), 50 m (t(38) = -23.60, p< .001), and 100 m (t(38) = -20.55, p< .001), confirming superior sprint performance among athletes of both sexes. Conclusion: University athletes exhibited superior sprint performance compared to non-athletes across all tested distances, regardless of sex. These results highlight the significant impact of athletic training on short-distance speed and support targeted conditioning programs for performance enhancement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mst. Mukta Khatun, Ummay Hafsa Rumky, Humayon Ahmed, Khadiza Akter, Suvo Roy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Circuit Training on Body Composition Metrics among School Students
Purpose: In recent times, students increasingly face problems related to being overweight, obese and under nutrition due to increasing screen time and sedentary lifestyle. The study aimed to analyze the effect of circuit training on body mass index and waist-hip ratio of school students. Material and Methods: An experimental research design was employed, involving 30 randomly selected students aged 10–15 years (20 boys and 10 girls). The selected group participated three days a week over a six-week circuit training intervention period. The statistical analysis was done using a paired simple t-test. Result: The findings of the present study reported a significant effect on body composition metrics following the circuit training program (p>0.05). Conclusion: training for 40 minutes three times a week for 6 weeks had a significant impact on the body composition metrics of school students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nitesh Kumar Singh Kushwaha, Gajender Singh, Harsh Kumar Mathur, Amit, Siddharth Sagre, Ravinder Pal Ahlawat, Jaiprakash Bhukar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A comparative study on Sources of stress between genders among children aged through 14 to 19 years
Purpose: Stress is pervasive in the present time. If an individual is unable to manage stressful situations, then it can lead to Depression and Anxiety, preferably when it comes to adolescents. Every teenager has a distinct way of responding to stress. The Present study compared sources of Stress between genders among children aged through 14 to 19 years. Method: 150 Boys and 150 Girls were selected to assess the data. “THE STRESS SCALE,” developed by Puri Prerna et al., 2011, was used as a tool. A t-test was used for statistical analysis. Result: The result revealed that in seven out of ten sources of stress, such as “Generalized stress, Career and academic stress, Stress prone tendencies, Irritability, Low level of stress management skills, Meaningless thoughts and Physical symptoms of stress” Girls have higher levels of significant difference less than p<0.05. The result also shows that there is no significant difference between variables “Negative mood states and Apprehensive behavior”. The result also revealed that there was no mean difference between boys and girls in the variable “Easy-going personality”. Conclusion. Overall, Girls are more stressed than Boys. stress can be an emerging problem for adolescents. There should be a prompt for stress management techniques for adolescent girls and boys.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rekha, Gauri Chakraborty, Shivam Thapa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Experimental Studies and Their Targeted Exercises Intervention to Enhance Gait Cycle for Improving Mobility and Quality of Life
Purpose: This study aims to explore the impact of targeted exercise interventions on improving the gait cycle to enhance mobility and quality of life. Given that the gait cycle comprising the stance and swing phases is fundamental to efficient and balanced locomotion, disruptions in this cycle can severely affect mobility and daily functioning. Methods: A literature review approach was employed to examine various free-hand exercises focusing primarily on the hamstring and calf muscles. Key exercises such as squats and knee-to chest movements were selected for their role in targeting essential muscle groups and functional aspects related to gait, including strength, flexibility, balance, and coordination. Results: Findings from the reviewed literature indicate that targeted exercises significantly contribute to correcting gait cycle abnormalities. These interventions enhance muscle strength, flexibility, balance, and coordination, which are all critical components of a healthy gait. Furthermore, these exercises support the rehabilitation process following injury by restoring proper movement patterns. Conclusion: Integrating targeted exercise interventions specifically those that strengthen the hamstring and calf muscles is effective in rehabilitating injuries and correcting gait dysfunctions. This contributes to improved mobility, balance, and overall quality of life, highlighting the importance of such exercises in both clinical and preventive rehabilitation programs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aman Kumar Singh, Anmol Yadav, Sandeep Dhull https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Injury Duration on Sports Motivation
Background and Objective : Prolonged injuries may decrease motivation and increase psychological distress and athletes may drop out but some return to the field despite adversity. The present research is an exploration of the differences in the dimensions of sports motivation in athletes who have returned in field after varied injury duration's. Methodology: A multivariate design with three categories of independent variable and six dimensions of dependent variable has been used. Sample: The sample consisted of 100 sports persons, both male and females from various sports who have suffered from injury and now have returned to field and were assigned to moderate, serious and long term group based on the injury duration that had been reported. Data Collection and Analysis: The translated version of Revised Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-II), developed by Pelletier et al. (2013), based on Self-Determination Theory (SDT) framework having six sub scales had been used for data collection. The data was analyzed using one way MANOVA statistical technique. Results and Implications: There were significant differences reported among three groups in Intrinsic, Integrated and Identified regulation. The study underscore the need to keep athletes intrinsically motivated, to reduce the drop out of athletes after long duration injuries.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ajay Sheoran, Vipin Sehrawat, Bindu Kumari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Study of Body Image and Quality Life Among College Female Students
This study aimed to examine differences in body image and quality of life (QoL) among college female students participating in sports and those not involved in sports. Furthermore, it sought to analyze the relationship between body image and QoL. A descriptive survey design was utilized. A sample of 100 female college students from Hisar District, Haryana, was randomly selected. Tools used for data collection included the Body Image Questionnaire by Marilou Bruchon-Schweitzer (1987) and the Quality of Life Scale developed by Sarika Sharma and Dr.Nakhat Nasreen (1971). The collected data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, t-tests, and Pearson's Product Moment Correlation.Results indicated significant differences in body image and QoL between female students engaged in sports and those not involved in sports. Participants in sports reported higher levels of body satisfaction and better overall quality of life. A statistically significant positive correlation (r = 0.419) was found between body image and quality of life.The findings suggest that sports participation positively influences both body image and quality of life among college female students. Initiatives promoting physical activity and body positivity can enhance the well-being of this demographic.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ritu, Usha Rani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SPEED ENHANCEMENT THROUGH COMBINED PLYOMETRIC AND SKILL TRAINING: AN 8-WEEK STUDY ON BEGINNER FENCERS
This study investigates the impact of an 8-week plyometric-weight training and fencing-specific skill training program on the speed of beginner fencers aged 10–19 years from Karnal District, Haryana. Sixty beginner fencers were purposively selected and randomly divided into two equal groups: an experimental group (n=30) receiving the integrated training program, and a control group (n=30) undergoing standard fencing training. The 50-Meter Dash Run Test from the AAHPER Youth Physical Fitness Test (1976) was used to assess speed before and after the intervention. Descriptive statistics revealed a significant improvement in post-test speed scores for the experimental group (M=7.08, SD=0.26) compared to the control group (M=7.71, SD=0.29). ANCOVA results demonstrated a statistically significant difference between the groups (F=137.42, p<0.001), with post hoc analysis indicating a mean difference of -0.63 seconds (p<0.001) favoring the experimental group. The results confirm that a combined plyometric-weight and skill-specific training regimen is effective in improving speed performance among beginner fencers. This research underlines the importance of targeted physical conditioning programs for youth athlete development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Usha Rani, Ankit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0